Single market & trade
Single market is strengthened, including in the energy and digital sectors; the EU27 pursues progressive trade agreements.

Economic & Monetary Union
Incremental progress on improving the functioning of the euro area.

Schengen, migration & security
Cooperation in the management of external borders stepped up gradually; progress towards a common asylum system; improved coordination on security matters.

Foreign policy & defence
Progress is made on speaking with one voice on foreign affairs; closer defence cooperation.

EU budget
Partly modernised to reflect the reform agenda agreed at 27

Capacity to deliver
Positive agenda for action yields concrete results; decision-making remains complex to grasp; capacity to deliver does not always match expectations.

High